Contents.Geology and physiography The Hudson River valley runs primarily north to south down the eastern edge of New York State, cutting through a series of rock types including sandstones and redbeds in the south and much more ancient in the north (and east). In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a cut during previous ice ages. To the west lie the extensive Appalachian highlands.
In the Tappan Zee region, the west side of the river has high cliffs produced by an erosion-resistant; these cliffs range from 400–800 feet in height.The Hudson Valley is one of the larger province, which in turn is part of the larger physiographic division. The northern portions of the Hudson Valley fall within the.During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River, from a large glacial lake called. Is the remnant of that Lake. Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson; these are now part of the.History.
Main article: Pre-Columbian era The Hudson Valley was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived. The, and branches of the lived along the river, mostly in peace with the other groups. The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape, The Lenape people waited for the explorer onshore, traded with, and sold the island of. Further north, the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to. They lived a similar lifestyle to the Lenape, residing in various villages along the river. They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north. The Mahicans lived in the northern valley from present-day to, with their capital located near present-day.
Hudson Valley Weather
The Algonquins in the region lived mainly in small clans and villages throughout the area. One major fortress was called Navish, which was located at, overlooking the Hudson River. Other fortresses were located in various locations throughout the. Hudson River exploration In 1497, traveled along the coast and claimed the entire country for England; he is credited with the 's discovery of continental North America. Between then and about 1609, exploration took place around, but not into the Hudson Valley.
In 1609, the financed English navigator in his attempt to search for the. During this attempt, Henry Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him. As he continued up the river, its width expanded, into Haverstraw Bay, leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage. He docked his ship on the western shore of Haverstraw Bay and claimed the territory as the first settlement in. He also proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there. Colonization After Henry Hudson realized that the Hudson River was not the, the began to examine the region for potential trading opportunities. Dutch explorer and merchant led voyages there between 1611 and 1614, which led the Dutch to determine that fur trade would be profitable in the region.
As such, the Dutch established the colony of. The Dutch settled three major fur-trading outposts in the colony, along the river, south to north:,.
New Amsterdam later became known as, Wiltwyck became, and Fort Orange became. In 1664, the British invaded New Netherland via the port of New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam and New Netherland as a whole was surrendered to the British, and renamed New York.Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub, with manors being developed on the east side of the river. At these manors, landlords rented out land to their tenants, letting them take a share of the crops grown while keeping and selling the rest of the crops. Tenants were often kept at a subsistence level so that the landlord could minimize his costs.
They also held immense political power in the colony due to driving such a large proportion of the agricultural output. Meanwhile, land west of Hudson River contained smaller landholdings with many small farmers living off the land. A large crop grown in the region was grain, which was largely shipped downriver to New York City, the colony's main seaport, for export back to Great Britain. In order to export the grain, colonial merchants were given monopolies to grind the grain into flour and export it. Grain production was also at high levels in the Mohawk River Valley.
Revolutionary War. Map of through New York and New JerseyThe Hudson River was a key river during the. The Hudson's connection to the Mohawk River allowed travelers to get to the Great Lakes and the eventually.
In addition, the river's close proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow the British navy to control the water route from to New York City. In doing so, the British, under General 's strategy, would be able to cut off the hub of (which is on the eastern side of the Hudson River) and focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the South and Mid-Atlantic regions. The British knew that total occupation of the colonies would be unfeasible, which is why this strategy was chosen. As a result of the strategy, numerous battles were fought along the river, including several in the Hudson Valley.
Industrial Revolution. View of the Hudson River from Tarrytown, c. 1866In the early 19th century, popularized by the stories of, the Hudson Valley gained a reputation as a somewhat gothic region inhabited by the remnants of the early days of the Dutch colonization of New York (see '). The area is associated with the, a group of American painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870.Following the building of the, the area became an important industrial center. The canal opened the Hudson Valley and New York City to commerce with the Midwest and regions.
However, in the mid 20th century, many of the industrial towns went into decline.The first railroad in New York, the, opened in 1831 between and on the Mohawk River, enabling passengers to bypass the slowest part of the Erie Canal. The Hudson Valley proved attractive for railroads, once technology progressed to the point where it was feasible to construct the required bridges over tributaries. The was chartered in 1845 and opened that same year, running a short distance on the east side between Troy and Greenbush, now known as (east of Albany). The was chartered the next year as a continuation of the Troy and Greenbush south to New York City, and was completed in 1851. In 1866 the opened over the river between Greenbush and Albany, enabling through traffic between the Hudson River Railroad and the New York Central Railroad west to. When the opened in 1889, it became the longest single-span bridge in the world.The began at and ran up the west shore of the Hudson as a competitor to the merged.
Map Of Hudson Valley Towns
Construction was slow, and was finally completed in 1884; the New York Central purchased the line the next year.During the Industrial Revolution, the Hudson River became a major location for production. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepsie, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson. The (later owned by ), on the river in Sleepy Hollow, was a large and notable example. The river links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, allowing manufacturing in the Midwest, including automobiles in Detroit, to use the river for transport. ( pp71–2) With industrialization came new technologies for transport, including steamboats for faster transport. In 1807, the (later known as Clermont), became the first commercially successful steamboat.
It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River.Tourism became a major industry as early as 1810. With convenient steamboat connections in New York City, and numerous attractive hotels in romantic settings, tourism became an important industry. Early guidebooks were providing suggestions on their itinerary.
Middle-class people who read 's novels, or saw the paintings of the Hudson River School, were especially attracted. Major industries Agriculture. The is a leading nonprofit farm and educational center in the regionThe Hudson Valley has a long agricultural history, as it was settled with agriculture being its main industry.
Around the 1700s, was highly practiced. The farms' main products were grains (predominantly wheat), though, vegetables, dairy products, honey, wool, livestock, and tobacco were produced there. The region became the of colonial America, given that the surrounding New England and Catskills areas were more mountainous and had rockier soils.
In the late 1800s, most farms transitioned from tenant farming to being family-owned, with more incentive to improve the land. Grain production moved west to the, and so Hudson Valley farms specialized, especially in, berries, and orchard cultivation. Agriculture began to decline in the 19th century, and rapidly declined in the 20th century.By the 1970s, the United States' began, and the Hudson Valley began to lead the, the,. The fertile of the and valleys also began to be farmed. Dairy farms are predominant, though fruit, vegetable, poultry, meat, and maple syrup production is also common. Orchard cultivation is common in Orange, Ulster, Dutchess, and Columbia counties.
Winemaking. See also:The Hudson Valley is one of the oldest winemaking and grape-growing regions in the United States, with its first vineyards planted in 1677 in current-day New Paltz.
The region has experienced a resurgence in winemaking in the 21st century. Many wineries are located in the Hudson Valley, offering wine-tasting and other tours.
Numerous are held in the Hudson Valley, with themes often varying by season. Rhinebeck is home to the Hudson Valley Wine & Food Fest, hosted at the Dutchess County Fairgrounds.The region has sunlight, moisture, chalky soil, and drainage conducive to grape growing, especially grapes used in Champagne. Tech Valley.
The main laboratory building of the is located in.is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York State, including the Hudson Valley and the. Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a competitor to regions such as and, it has since grown to represent the counties in New York between 's plants in the south and the Canada–US border to the north. The area's is supported by technologically focused including and the. Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties straddling both sides of the and the, and with heavy, has experienced significant growth in the side of the high-technology industry, with great strides in the sector, design, and water- and electricity-dependent manufacturing, involving companies including IBM in and its in, in, and others.
Westchester County has developed a burgeoning sector in the 21st century, with over US$1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016, earning the county the nickname Biochester. The, connecting Poughkeepsie andMajor interstates in the Hudson Valley include (part of the ), a small section of in Southeastern Westchester County, serving Westchester and Rockland Counties, serving Putnam, Dutchess, and Orange Counties, and serving Westchester and Putnam Counties. In the region include the, the, the, the, and the serving solely Westchester County, the serving Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, and Columbia Counties, and the serving Rockland and a very small portion of southwestern Orange County. Operates as a freeway in much of Orange County and will be designated in the future.Hudson River crossings in the Hudson Valley region from south to north include the between in Rockland County and in Westchester County, the between in Westchester County and in Rockland County, the between in Orange County and in Dutchess County, the between in Dutchess County and in Ulster County, the between in Dutchess County and in Ulster County, and the between in Columbia County and in Greene County.
The is a pedestrian bridge which parallels the Mid-Hudson Bridge and was formerly a railroad bridge.operates the between in Rockland County and in Westchester County, as well as ferry service between in Orange County and in Dutchess County. Intercity and commuter bus transit are provided by in Rockland County, in Orange and Rockland Counties, and in Orange and Dutchess Counties. There are also several local bus providers, including the in Westchester County and in Rockland County.The Hudson Valley is served by two airports with commercial airline service: (HPN) near and (SWF) near.Rail service. The serves intercity trains and commuter trainsservice in the region is provided by (operated by the ). Metro-North operates three rail lines east of the Hudson River to in Manhattan, from east to west they are the (serving southeast Westchester County), the (serving Central and Eastern Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess Counties), and the (serving western Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess Counties).
West of the Hudson, operates two lines rail service under contract with Metro-North Railroad to: the (serving central Rockland County) and the (serving western Rockland County and Orange County).serves, and along the eastern shores of the Hudson River, as well as in southeastern Westchester County.Sports. Hudson Valley Tourism. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
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^. HUDSON VALLEY WINE COUNTRY.ORG. Retrieved October 26, 2015. HUDSON VALLEY WINE COUNTRY.ORG. Retrieved October 26, 2015. ^. Tech Valley Chamber Coalition.
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All around, there are signs of a Biochester bloom:. Silverman, B et al; Frommer's New York State Frommer's 2009, p196Further reading. Donaldson Eberlein, Harold; Van Dyke Hubbard, Cortlandt (1942). Historic houses of the Hudson valley.
New York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. (1991). Visions of Washington Irving: Selected Works From the Collections of Historic Hudson Valley.
Tarrytown, New York:. Howat, John K.
Hudson Valley Lighting
The Hudson River and Its Painters. New York:. Jacobs, Jaap and L.H.
Roper (eds.) (2014). The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. Marks, Alfred H. Literature of the Mid Hudson Valley: A Preliminary Study. New Paltz, New York: Center for Continuing Education, State University College. McMurry, James; Jones, Jeff (1974).
The Catskill Witch and Other Tales of the Hudson Valley. Syracuse, New York:. Mylod, John (1969). Biography of a River: The People and Legends of the Hudson Valley. New York: Hawthorn Books.
Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.), Exploring Historic Dutch New York. New York: Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, 2011. (2009).
River of Dreams: The Story of the Hudson River. New York:. Vernon, Benjamin. The History of the Hudson River Valley (New York: Overlook, 2016. Xiv, 625 pp. Wallkill Valley Publishing Association (1904). Walden, New York: Wallkill Valley Publishing Association.
(1929). Hudson River Bracketed. New York:.
Wilkinson Reynolds, Helen (1965). Dutch houses in the Hudson Valley before 1776. New York:.External links.
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